The San Jose March For Science. For My Civic Engagement

The San Jose March for Science For my civic engagement assignment, I attended the San Jose March for Science from San Jose city hall to the Plaza de Caesar Chavez. The March was in organized primarily in response to the Trump administration’s unfavorable views on science, especially towards environmental science, and was held in conjunction with hundreds of other marches attended by hundreds of thousands of people across the world. I’ve never been the most civically-minded person so I was not quite sure what to expect when attending, but I think that I gained a more personal understanding of the political and democratic aspect of environmental citizenship. I arrived at the march slightly after it was underway, a few blocks away from San†¦show more content†¦In layman’s terms, Environmental citizenship is the idea that humans are part of the environment and that as a result we should work to help the environment through day-to-day and political actions. A parallel could be drawn to the idea of the Social Contract, where people give up certain privileges and take on certain duties in order to be effectively governed as a part of a greater society (Gough 2-3). Environmental citizens give up certain privileges such as littering or using fossil fuels and take on duties like recycling or voting for environmentally friendly laws or politicians in order to better the environment as a whole. Environmental Citizenship can be further broken down into two rough categories: personal daily citizenship and large scale political citizenship. Daily environmental citizenship refers to people following environmentally just laws and performing environmentally conscious actions in daily lives, such as recycling, eating food from environmentally friendly sources such as homegrown gardens, using eco-friendly transportation such electric cars or public transportation, and other similar activities. 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Customary International Law Customs - 1437 Words

CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW Customs in international law can generally be defined as rules developed by the practice of states, which rules the states concerned follow because they believe there is a rule of law requiring them to behave as such. Rebecca Wallace (1997) defines it as â€Å"a practice followed by those concerned because they feel legally obliged to behave in such a way† (p. 172). Thus, for there to exist a rule of customary international law, there must be a practice that is followed by the generality of states in the belief that there is a rule of law requiring such practice. It is important to distinguish custom from other rules that states may follow not out of any feeling of a legal obligation, such as behavior undertaken out of courtesy, friendship or convenience. The difference between customs and these other norms is the fact that custom is derived from two elements: (a) a material element (state practice) and (b) a psychological element (opinio juris). The material element is derive d from the practice and behavior of states whereas the psychological element is the subjective conviction held by states that the behavior is question is necessitated by a rule of law and not discretionary (Villiger, 1985). State practice includes any act, articulation or other behavior of a state that discloses the state’s conscious attitude with respect to its recognition of a rule of customary international law. The International Law Commission (ILC) in 1950 listed theShow MoreRelatedState X And The Outer Space Treaty1507 Words   |  7 Pagesdeemed Jus Cogens or International Customary Laws. As a result of this, through State X’s actions of claiming the territory as part of its own, State X is violating the treaty and State Y is making a request to the international court to declare State X’s claim of the moon as invalid or void. 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Fringe Benefit Derived From Car

Questions: (a). Advise Periwinkle of its FBT consequences arising out of the above information, including calculation of any FBT liability, for the year ending 31 March 2016. You may assume that Periwinkle would be entitled to input tax credits in relation to any GSTinclusive acquisitions. (b). How would your answer to (a) differ if Emma used the $50,000 to purchase the shares herself, instead of lending it to her husband? Answers: a. It is apparent on the basis of the case presented that Emma is an employee of Periwinkle and has obtained some fringe benefits from the employer. Hence, the central aim is to determine the fringe benefit related tax implications of these benefits with especial reference to Fringe Benefit Tax Assessment Act 1986 (FBTAA86). The various fringe benefits that arise based on the employers conduct are discussed as follows. This benefit is derived by the employee only when the employer gives away the car owned by itself to the employee for usage in personal needs. This has been advocated by Section 8, FBTAA and the fringe benefit tax would typically depend on the usage of the car. Besides, Section 23L ITAA 1936 rules that tax implications for any fringe benefit that may be given away to employee has to be borne by the employer (Sadiq et. al., 2014). As per the case details, Emma has been given car fringe benefit since the employer owned car was given by the employer for personal usage. The payment of GST is a key issue with regards to the computation of fringe benefit associated with car as the factor involved in calculation of the grossed taxable value is driven by the GST (McCouat, 2012). As is apparent from the data given in the case, the car attracts GST and thus the gross up factor to be applied is 2.1463 (ATO, 2015). The FBT liability imposed on the employer as a result of the given arrangement can be computed as mentioned below (Wilmot, 2012). Step 1: Ascertain the taxable value The taxable value of the benefit associated with the given arrangement is determined using the approach below. The calculation of the key constituents for the determination of the underlying taxation liability is shown below. 20% is the statutory percentage that would be applied in accordance with the ATO rule as per which the personal usage of any car to the extent less than 15,000 km during the assessment period. In the given case, the personal usage is 10,000 km. (ATO, 2015). Period for which Emma has the office owned car under her possession = 365-30-5 = 330 A deduction of thirty days has been introduced as Emma was given the car not at the starting of the financial year but after one month. Also, there has been an adjustment to the tune of five days as the car had gone out for repairs and hence Emma did not have it. However, no provisioning would be done for those ten days when the car despite being in possession was parked at the airport and therefore not in use. Benefits value that is subject to FBT = 32450 0.2 (330/365) = $ 5,867.7 Step 2: FBT related liability FBT on car fringe benefit to be paid by employer = 5,867.7 2.1463 0.49 = $ 6,170.95 Fringe benefit derived from loan The above benefit is derived by the employee if the employer does give loan to the employee at an interest rate lower than the RBA prescribed rate and thereby tends to benefit the employer in the form of lower interest cost. Similar to the nature of the fringe benefit derived from car, the employer only has to bear the tax liability arising on account of this benefit. The RBA rate that is currently applicable if given by tax ruling TD 2015/8 and stands at 5.65% pa (Barkoczy, 2015). But the interest rate being charged to Emma is significantly lower at 4.45% pa which essentially gives rise to the benefit being realised by the employee. The loan fringe benefits value is equivalent to the employees saving on the interest cost by comparing if lending was done at the RBA rate (Gilders et. al., 2015). Interest cost @RBA rate i.e. 5.65% = 500,000 0.0565 = $ 28.250 Actual interest cost @ Periwinkle rate i.e. 4.45% pa = 500000*0.0445 = $ 22,250 Net Interest Savings due to employer lower interest = $ 28,250 - $ 22,250 = $6,000 Thus, FBT would be applicable on the value of loan fringe benefit as ascertained above at $ 6,000. Emma uses 90% of the loan amount i.e. # 450,000 for the purchase of a holiday home with the intention of making personal gains, thus the interest component on this portion of the loan would be available for deduction at the end of the employer and thereby help in lowering the liability on account of FBT (Sadiq et. al., 2015). Fringe benefit derived from bathtub In case of bathtub, Emma realises fringe benefit as the employer has extended a favour or a benefit by giving the bathtub at significantly lower value as compared to the actual retail value and hence the underlying tax liability on account of this would be computed as 49% of the total benefit extended (Deutsch et. al., 2015). b. There has been a change in the deployment of funds since 10% of the loan is now used by husband of Emma for making investments in shares. Since, the remaining $ 450,000 still continues to be used by Emma with regards to making investment in holiday home, hence the deductions available to the employer on this interest would continue to take place. Additionally, the decline in the related liability to FBT is determined below (Sadiq, et. al.,2015). Interest cost @RBA rate i.e. 5.65% for 10% loan amount = 28,250 0.1 = $ 2,825 Actual interest cost @ Periwinkle rate i.e. 4.45% pa for 10% loan amount = 22,250 0.1= $ 2,225 Hence, the taxable fringe benefit would now become less by 2825-2225 which is $ 600. Savings on FBT = 600*0.49 = $ 294 References Barkoczy,S 2015.Foundation of Taxation Law 2015,7th edn, CCH Publications, North Ryde Deutsch, R, Freizer, M, Fullerton, I, Hanley, P, Snape, T 2015. Australian tax handbook, 8th edn, Thomson Reuters, Pymont Gilders, F, Taylor, J, Walpole, M, Burton, M. Ciro, T 2015. Understanding taxation law 2015, 8th edn, LexisNexis/Butterworths. McCouat, P 2012, Australian GST legislation. 17th edn, CCH Australia Limited, North Ryde Sadiq, K, Coleman, C, Hanegbi, R, Jogarajan, S, Krever, R, Obst, W, and Ting, A 2015,Principles of Taxation Law 2015,8th edn, Thomson Reuters, Pymont Wilmot, C 2012, FBT Compliance guide, 6th edn, CCH Australia Limited, North Ryde.

Racism In America Essays (282 words) - Discrimination, Hatred

Racism In America Racism In America Race is a socially constructed category. Society assigns races to people based on opinion and social experience. If races are socially constructed, then racism must also be an offshoot of race and derived from social experiences too. Racism, as defined by Webster's New American Dictionary, is ?a belief that some races are by nature superior to others.? Why is there racism in America today? There are two distinct schools of thought; the social psychologists and the sociological theorists. There are two social psychological theories. The scapegoat theory, that argues ?historically, members of the dominant group in the United States have harbored various frustrations in their desire to achieve social and economic success? and vent these frustrations in the form of anger towards other racial groups (Andersen, Taylor, 291). The authoritarian theory ?is characterized by a tendency to rigidly characterize people? (Andersen, Taylor, 291). The sociological theories focus more on institutional racism. Racism appears to be a mixture of the scapegoat, authoritarian, and sociological theories. While majority of the people automatically characterize people into groups, they also have a tendency to turn these groups in punching bags. The reason from this may be the detachment associated with categorizing people into groups other than your own. Therefore, detachment of one person from another allows each person to feel able to blame or hate the other without feeling guilt. George Ritzer would argue that ?Mcdonaldization of society? definitely helps to create the dehumanization needed to ignite and cultivate racism. Symbolic interaction theorists ague that greater interaction within the groups will reduce racism. If racism is socially constructed, then changing the structure of how society allows only brief and indifferent interactions between people, (curbing the growth of mcdonaldization) will help create a more equal society. Environmental Issues